Of the 27 EU member states, only two do not provide in their legislation for an exception for private copy. On principle in these two countries (Ireland and the United Kingdom), consumers do not have the right to make copies for their own private use.
Of the 25 member states for which this exception is provided, only four (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta and Luxembourg) have not yet organized their system of compensation for rights holders. In the 21 countries this compensation exists, the right to remuneration entails the obligation to go through collective management.
Private copy levies are applied, according to country, either to recording devices or to blank media, or both. The amount of the levies may be a lump sum, or proportional to the recording capacity, or calculated as a percentage of the selling price of the device or the equipment.